| 单词 | 交流 |
| 释义 | 〔represent〕To indicate or communicate by signs or symbols:意指：用符号或记号表示或交流：〔rhetoric〕Verbal communication; discourse.讨论：口头交流；讨论〔express〕To manifest or communicate, as by a gesture; show.See Synonyms at vent 1沟通，表示：表示或交流，如用手势；显示 参见 vent1〔gossip〕The central meaning shared by these verbs is "to engage in or communicate idle, indiscreet talk": 这三个动词都意为“参加或交流无聊的，不得体的话题”： 〔communion〕The act or an instance of sharing, as of thoughts or feelings.共有；交流：分享的行为或例子，如对思想和感觉〔sign〕To communicate with a sign or by sign language:打手势：用手势或手势语言交流：〔verbal〕Verbal has been used to refer to spoken, as opposed to written, communication by reputable writers since the 16th century, and the usage cannot be considered incorrect.But critics are right to observe that this use ofverbal may sometimes invite confusion with the use meaning "by linguistic means.” Thus the phrasemodern technologies for verbal communication may refer only to devices such as radio, the telephone, and the loudspeaker, or also may refer to devices such as the telegraph, the teletype, and the fax machine.In such contexts the wordoral is always available to convey the narrower sense of communication by spoken means. Verbal 自16世纪以来一直为优秀作家所使用，用来指与书面交流相对的口头交流， 而且不能认为这一用法是不正确的。但是批评家们却正确地评论说verbal 的这一用法有些时候可能会与意指“通过语言的方式”的用法相混淆。 由此modern technologies for verbal communication（用于语言交流的现代技术） 这一短语可能只用于指诸如无线电广播、电话以及扬声器之类的装置， 或者也有可能又指诸如电报机、电传打字机以及传真机之类的装置。在这种情况中，oral 一词总是用来表示用口头方式的狭义上的交流 〔fingerspelling〕Communication by means of a manual alphabet.手语交谈：通过手势字母进行的交流〔Fox〕American spiritualist who with her sisterKatherine (1839?-1892), known as "Kate,” purported to communicate with spirits through mysterious rappings and seances. Their activities were largely responsible for the widespread American fascination with spiritualism. 福克斯，玛格丽特：(1833-1893) 美国唯灵论者，与其妹凯瑟琳 (1839?-1892年），被称为“凯特”，专用称能通过神秘的敲击动作和降神集会与神灵交流。他们的行为应对风行美国的神灵热负主要责任 〔workshop〕An educational seminar or series of meetings emphasizing interaction and exchange of information among a usually small number of participants:研习会，讨论会：一种强调信息在通常比较少的参与者之间的交流与交换的教育性研讨课或一系列会议：〔correspondent〕One who communicates by means of letters.通信者：通过信件与人交流的人〔pantomime〕Communication by means of gesture and facial expression:打手势：利用手势和面部表情进行交流：〔transmit〕To pass along (news or information); communicate.传播：传播（消息或信息）；交流〔address〕A formal spoken or written communication:称呼：正式的口头或书面的交流：〔pass〕To be communicated or exchanged between persons:交谈：在人与人之间交流或交换：〔language〕The manner or means of communication between living creatures other than human beings:表意语：除了人类之外的活动物之间交流的态度或方式：〔parameter〕In recent yearsparameter has become the archetype for the borrowing of scientific terms into general usage and as such has occasioned a good deal of skeptical comment.Some of its new uses can be justified as useful extensions of the technical senses of the word.For example, the provisions of a zoning ordinance that limit the height or density of new construction can be reasonably likened to mathematical parameters that establish the limits of other variables.Therefore one can properly sayThe zoning commission announced new planning parameters for the historic Lamping district of the city. But other uses suggest that the writer has not understood the technical senseand has chosen it primarily as a way of injecting an aura of scientific precision into what would otherwise be a pedestrian communication.Thus there is no semantic justification for usingparameter as a general substitute for characteristic, as inThe Judeo-Christian ethic is one of the important parameters of Western culture, an example found unacceptable by 80 percent of the Usage Panel. ·Some of the difficulties with nontechnical use ofparameter appear to arise from its resemblance to the word perimeter, with which it shares the sense "limit,” though the two words differ in their precise meaning.This confusion doubtless explains the use ofparameter in a sentence such as U.S. forces report that the parameters of the mine area in the Gulf are fairly well established, where the wordperimeter would have expressed the intended sense more exactly. This example of a use ofparameter was unacceptable to 61 percent of the Usage Panel. 近些年来，parameter 已成为一个从科技术语借用到普通用法的原形， 同时也引起了大量的怀疑批评。它的某些新用法可被看作是该词科技含义的有益扩展。例如，某一区域性法规中关于新建筑高度或密度的条文能被合理地与制定其它变量限度的数学参量进行比较。因而，人们当然可以说地区委员会公布了历史上该城有名的灯区新计划方案 。 但其它的一些用法说明说话人还没有理解它的科技含义，并且选用了这个词主要作为给将是普通交流的东西注入一些精确的科学气息的途径。因此，用parameter 作为 characteristic 的一般等价词毫无语义上的合理性， 如在犹太教与基督教的道德规范是西方文化中重要的限制因素 ， 是80%的用法小组成员不接受的例子。Parameter 的非科技运用中的一些难点是由于它与 perimeter 都有“限制”的含义造成的， 尽管两个词的确切含义是不相同的。这种混淆无疑解释了parameter 在例如 美军报告说，海湾地雷区的环形防线设置得相当不错 的句子中的运用， 这里perimeter 可能会更确切地表达这种引申含义。 61%的用法小组成员不接受这个运用parameter 的例子 〔dactylology〕The use of the fingers and hands to communicate and convey ideas, as in the manual alphabet used by hearing-impaired and speech-impaired people.手语：用手指和手来交流和表达思想，如听说有障碍的人所用的手势语字母表〔speak〕 Converse stresses interchange of thoughts and ideas: Converse 强调思想和意见的交流： 〔gam〕A social visit or friendly interchange, especially between whalers or seafarers.交际应酬：社交访问或友好交流，尤指在捕鲸或其他海员之间的〔traffic〕Social or verbal exchange; communication:交际：社交的或语言的交流；交谈：〔memorandum〕A written record or communication, as in a business office.备忘录：（如一商业机构的）书面记录或交流〔channel〕Often channels A route of communication or access: 常作 channels 沟通渠道：交流或接近的渠道：〔letter〕The central meaning shared by these nouns is "a written communication directed to another": 这些名词共有的中心意思是指“发给别人的一种书面交流形式”： 〔rich〕"a rich sense of the transaction between writer and reader"(William Zinsser)“作者与读者之间的深具意义的交流”(威廉·津瑟)〔antiphony〕A responsive or reciprocal interchange, as of ideas or opinions:应答，对应，呼应：思想或观点的呼应或交流：〔infection〕Ready communication of an emotion or attitude by contact or example.交流：一种通过接触或模仿来交流情感的常用方式〔go〕To pass from one person to another; circulate:传播：从一个人向另一人传达；交流：〔miscommunication〕Lack of clear or adequate communication.缺乏交流：缺乏清晰或足够的交流〔incommunicado〕Spanish incomunicado [past participle of] incomunicar [to deny communication] 西班牙语 incomunicado incomunicar的过去分词 [拒绝外界交流、接触] 〔conceptualism〕A school of abstract art or an artistic doctrine that is concerned with the intellectual engagement of the viewer through conveyance of an idea and negation of the importance of the art object itself.概念主义：一种抽象艺术或艺术学说的学派，通过否定艺术品本身的重要性和传送一种思想使观众进行心智间的交流〔pidgin〕A simplified form of speech that is usually a mixture of two or more languages, has a rudimentary grammar and vocabulary, is used for communication between groups speaking different languages, and is not spoken as a first or native language.混杂语；混杂行话：由两种或多种语言混合而成的一种简化的说话方式，语法和词汇较初等，被用于不同语言者进行交流，不作为第一语言或母语〔channeling〕Purported communication by a disembodied entity through a living person, as by voice during a trance.沟道作用：传说中一种游离躯壳与活人进行的交流，如催眠状态时通过声音进行交流〔couple〕Although the phrasea couple of has been well established in English since before the Renaissance, it has been criticized on several grounds.Grammarians used to insist thata couple of should be used only to refer to things closely linked to one another and so was improperly used in phrases such asa couple of years ago. This objection has not been heard in some time and was never well supported.Modern critics have sometimes maintained thata couple of is too inexact to be appropriate in formal writing. But the inexactitude ofa couple of may serve a useful communicative purpose, suggesting that the writer is indifferent to the precise number of items involved.Thus the sentenceShe lives only a couple of miles away implies not only that the distance is short but that its exact measure is unimportant. Furthermore,a couple of is different from a few in that it does not imply that the relevant amount is relatively small. One might say admiringly of an exceptional center fielder thathe can throw the ball a couple of hundred feet, but not, except ironically,a few hundred feet, which would suggest that such a throw was unremarkable. The usage should be considered unobjectionable on all levels of style.尽管a couple of 这个短语在文艺复兴之前就已在英语中形成， 它仍受到多方面批评。语法学家过去坚持认为a couple of 应该只用于指互相之间紧密相连的东西， 所以在a couple of years ago 这样的短语中用是不适当的。 这样的反对意见长时间没有人提起了，也从未受到太多支持。现代批评家有时也认为a couple of 太不精确，不能很恰当地用于正式的写作中。 但a couple of 的不精确性也有一种很有用的传达交流的意图， 表明作者对于所涉及的事物的精确数目并不太关心。因此她住的只有几英里远 这个句子不仅表明距离很远，同时也表明精确测量是不重要的。 另外a couple of 与 a few 的不同还表现在它不表示有关的数量是相对来说小的。 如果夸赞一个优秀的中外野球手，可以说他能把球抛几百英尺远 ， 若非如此的话，排除反意的可能，a few hundred feet 指抛这么远并没什么稀奇之处。 这种用法在各种文体上都是无可辩驳的〔telepathy〕Communication through means other than the senses, as by the exercise of an occult power.See Usage Note at mental telepathy See Usage Note at redundancy 通灵：用感官以外的方式进行交流，如通过运用超自然的力量 参见 mental telepathy 参见 redundancy〔confidential〕Done or communicated in confidence; secret.秘密的：秘密地进行或交流的；秘密的〔make〕makes for better communication.促进更好的交流〔channel〕The medium through which a spirit guide purportedly communicates with the physical world.灵媒：精神导师进行据称与物质世界的交流所凭借的媒介〔voodoo〕A religion practiced chiefly in Caribbean countries, especially Haiti, syncretized from Roman Catholic ritual elements and the animism and magic of Dahomean slaves, in which a supreme God rules a large pantheon of local and tutelary deities, deified ancestors, and saints, who communicate with believers in dreams, trances, and ritual possessions. Also called vodoun 伏都教：一种主要在加勒比海国家尤其是海地流行的宗教，由罗马天主教仪式原理和达荷美奴隶的泛灵论和魔法结合而成，其中一个至高的上帝统治着包括地方神、监护神、神化的祖先及圣者的万神殿，他们与信徒在梦境中、梦幻之境和宗教仪式的领地进行交流 也作 vodoun〔Yerkish〕An artificial language using geometric forms to represent words, created for experimental communication between chimpanzees and human beings.耶基斯语：用几何图形代表单词的人造语言，用于黑猩猩和人类之间的实验性交流 |
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