| 单词 | 严格 |
| 释义 | 〔precisian〕One who is strict and precise in adherence to established rules, forms, or standards, especially with regard to religious observance or moral behavior.严格照章办事：准确而严格地遵循既定规则、形式或标准的人，尤指在宗教礼仪或道德行为方面〔severe〕Unsparing or harsh, as in treatment of others; strict.严厉的：严厉的或苛刻的，如对待别人时；严格的〔minimal〕Under the strict interpretation ofminimal, this sentence should mean only "Alcohol has an unpleasant effect when I have eaten nothing.”If the looser interpretation is allowed, however,the sentence can also mean “ . . . when I have eaten a bit.”Presented with the sentence, 29 percent of the Usage Panel said that it could have only the "eaten nothing" (that is, the strict) interpretation;34 percent said that it could have only the "eaten a bit" (that is, the looser) interpretation;and 37 percent said that it could have either meaning.Thus the looser sense ofminimal is accepted by 71 percent of the Panel and must be considered acceptable in nontechnical use. · In an analogous shift,the verbminimize is often used to mean "to reduce,” an extension of its strict etymological sense of "to reduce to the smallest possible level.”This looser usage is the result of the imprecision that usually attaches to the use of the verb in most nontechnical contexts.When a manager announces thatThe company wants to minimize the risk of accidents to line workers, we naturally interpret the manager as meaning that the risk is to be reduced to the smallest level consistent with considerations of efficiency and cost,not that risks are to be reduced to the lowest level logically possible.Even when used with allowable imprecision, however, the verbminimize should carry some implication that the relevant quantity is reduced as much as could reasonably be expected in the circumstances.Thusminimize retains at least an approximately superlative sense and so is inconsistent with modification by adverbs such asgreatly or considerably, which imply that the verb is being used as a simple synonym forlessen or reduce. 若句中的minimal 的意思比较严格， 那么这一句就只能理解为“当我什么没吃时喝酒会搞得我很难受。”但是如果比较宽泛的词义得到承认，那么这一句同时也有“…当我吃过一点东西时”这层意思。百分之二十九的用法专题使用小组成员认为这一词只能当“什么都不吃”（即严格意义上的词义）来讲；百分之三十四的成员说它只有“吃过一点”（即宽泛一些的）词义；百分之三十七的成员说两种含义都可适用。所以minimal 宽泛的含义被用法专题使用小组的百分之七十一的成员接受。 与其相类似的是，动词minimize 经常被用来指“减少”， 是其“减少到最可能小的水平”的严格意义上的延伸。这一较宽泛的含义是非技术性文章使用这一动词的不精确性而带来的结果。当一个经理宣称公司试图将生产线上工人面临出事故的风险降至最低， 我们自然会认为经理的意思是工厂的事故风险将被降至一个同时又考虑效率和成本的最小程度，而不是逻辑上可以达到的最低程度。即使在可以允许不精确的程度内使用时，动词mininize 也应有一层隐含的意思， 即其相对数量已被减少到了情况所期望的合理的程度。这样，minimize 至少仍然保留着一种大致为最高级的意思， 因而它与这些副词如greatly 或 considerably 不能搭配使用， 因为这些副词暗示着这一动词被当成了lessen 或 reduce 简单同义词而使用 〔brassbound〕Inflexible; rigid:不妥协的；严格的：〔zealot〕Zealot A member of a Jewish movement of the first centurya.d. that fought against Roman rule in Palestine as incompatible with strict monotheism. Zealot 坚贞信徒：公元 1世纪，在巴勒斯坦反抗罗马统治运动的犹太教派成员。因其统治与一严格的神教相冲突 〔severe〕"He could not be severe nor even passably strict" (W.H. Hudson).“他根本不能做到严厉，甚至连稍稍严格一点都做不到” (W.H.哈得孙）〔rigor〕Strictness or severity, as in temperament, action, or judgment.严厉，苛刻，严格：严格或严肃，如在性情、行为或判断方面〔deodorize〕"Tighter regulation and the entrance of big developers . . . have helped deodorize the industry, but it is still plagued by undercapitalized and even fraudulent developers"(Forbes)“越来越严格的管理以及大的发展商的介入，虽然帮助改善了建筑业的形象，但是这个行业仍然为资金不足甚至某些不诚实的发展商所困扰”(福布斯)〔Anouilh〕French playwright whose works, such asAntigone (1944), juxtapose harsh reality and fantasy. 阿努伊，简：(1910-1987) 法国剧作家，他的作品如《安提戈涅》 （1944年）把幻想和现实严格地融为一体 〔severe〕 Strict means requiring or showing stringent observance of obligations, rules, or standards: Strict 指要求或显示严格遵守义务、规则或标准： 〔monastic〕Strictly disciplined or regimented.严格纪律或严格编制的〔meticulous〕 Punctilious specifically applies to strict, exact attention to minute details of conduct: Punctilious 专指对极微小行为细节的严格的、精细的注意： 〔wish〕 Both usages are likely to sound stilted in informal style, however. ?Whenwish precedes a subordinate clause containing a contrary-to-fact statement, strict grammatical correctness requires that one usewere rather than was : I wish I were (not was ) lighter on my feet. Many writers continue to insist on this rule,but precedent for using the indicativewas in such clauses can be found in the works of many writers, including King Alfred and Jonathan Swift. See Usage Note at if ,want 但这两种用法在非正式文体中会显得不自然。当wish 后面接一个与事实相反的陈述句作从属分句时， 按严格的语法来说，应在从句中用were 代替 was ： I wish I were （不是 was ) lighter on my feet（多希望我能步履轻盈。） 许多作家仍坚持这条规则，但在从句中用表陈述的was 可在许多作家包括金·阿尔弗雷德和约纳森·斯威夫特的作品中找到先例 参见 if,want〔number〕In a strict, step-by-step or mechanical way.机械地：以严格的，一步一步的或机械的方式〔relaxation〕A reduction in strictness or severity.放宽：严格程度或严厉程度的降低〔proper〕Being within the strictly limited sense, as of a term designating something:局限的：在严格限定意义范围之内的：〔precise〕Conforming strictly to rule or proper form:正统的：严格合乎规则或适当形式的：〔hard〕Stern or strict in nature or comportment:严格的，严厉的：在性格或行为举动方面严格的或严厉的：〔outlaw〕The wordoutlaw brings to mind cattle rustlers and gunslingers of the Wild West, but it comes to us from a much earlier time,when guns were not yet inventedbut cattle stealing was.Outlaw can be traced back to the Old Norse word ūtlagr, "outlawed, banished,” made up ofūt, "out,” and lög, "law.” Anūtlagi (derived from ūtlagr ) was someone outside the protection of the law. The Scandinavians, who invaded and settled in England during the 8th through the 11th century, gave us the Old English wordūtlaga, which designated someone who because of criminal acts must give up his property to the crown and could be killed without recrimination.The legal status of the outlaw became less severe over the course of the Middle Ages.However, the looser use of the word to designate criminals in general, which arose in Middle English, lives on in tales of the Wild West.单词outlaw 使人联想到美国西部的偷牛贼和持枪歹徒， 然而在此之前很早这词就已存在了，那时枪还没有发明出来，但已有偷牛贼了。Outlaw 可溯源到古斯堪的纳维亚语 utlagr， 意为“非法的，被放逐的”， 由ut 意为“在…外”和 log 意为“法律”组成。 Utlagi （从 utlagr 衍生而来）形容不受法律保护的人。 在8世纪到11世纪间侵略并定居于英格兰的斯堪的纳维亚人创造了古英语词utlaga， 指由于犯罪行为而必须把财产献给皇家并且即使被杀死也不能反诉。在中世纪时期被放逐者的法律地位不如以前那么严格了。然而中世纪英语中兴起的命名罪犯总称的这种宽松用法在美国西部的传说中仍然存在〔likeness〕 Likeness implies close agreement: Likeness 指严格一致： 〔rein〕kept expenses on a tight rein.严格的控制花销〔thorough〕Painstakingly accurate or careful:严格的或小心的：〔species〕"No species of performing artist is as self-critical as a dancer"(Susan Sontag)“所有艺术家的类型中，没有象舞蹈家那样严格地自我要求了”(苏珊·桑塔格)〔yield〕"The child . . . soon yielded to the drowsiness" (Charles Dickens).Torelent is to moderate the harshness or severity of an attitude or decision with respect to another over whom one has authority or influence: “这孩子…一会儿就支持不住昏昏欲睡了” （查尔斯·狄更斯）。relent 是指出于对处于自己权威和影响下的人的尊重而缓解某一制度或决定的苛刻或严格： 〔celebrant〕Strictly speaking,celebrant should be reserved for an official participant in a religious ceremony or rite. In an earlier survey, however,a majority of the Usage Panel accepted the use ofcelebrant to mean "a participant in a celebration" (as inNew Year's Eve celebrants ). In this more general sense,celebrator is an undisputed alternative. 严格地说，celebrant 应该仅用来指宗教庆典或仪式的正式参与者。 但在较早的调查中，用法专题使用小组的大多数成员接受了celebrant 的用法， 意指“庆祝活动的参与者”，（如参加新年晚会庆祝的人 ）。 在这个较为广泛的意义上，celebrator 毫无争议地可与其替换使用 〔stern〕Hard, harsh, or severe in manner or character:严格的：在方式或性格上严峻的：〔hew〕To adhere or conform strictly; hold:坚持：坚持或严格地遵守；坚持：〔Puritan〕A member of a group of English Protestants who in the 16th and 17th centuries advocated strict religious discipline along with simplification of the ceremonies and creeds of the Church of England.清教徒：兴起于16和17世纪的英国新教徒一派的成员，主张严格的宗教原则和英国教堂的仪式及教义的从简〔large〕"a rigid resistance to the large emotions"(Stephen Koch)“严格地抑制强烈的感情”(斯蒂芬·科克)〔on〕went on a strict diet.进行严格的食疗〔harsh〕Extremely severe or exacting; stern.严厉的，严格的：极其严肃或激动的；严厉的〔holy〕Living according to a strict or highly moral religious or spiritual system; saintly:圣洁的，圣徒般的：按特别严格的宗教或精神道义生活的；圣洁的：〔regiment〕To subject to uniformity and rigid order.管制：统一地和严格地管制〔purist〕One who practices or urges strict correctness, especially in the use of words.纯粹主义者：尤指在词的用法方面实施或极力主张严格规范的人〔belt〕"By his mid-teens, Liszt had three years of intensive concertizing under his belt"(Musical Heritage Review)“到十五、六岁时，李斯特已经有了三年严格的音乐会独奏经历”(音乐精品回顾)〔stretto〕from Latin strictus [strict] * see strict 源自 拉丁语 strictus [严格的] * 参见 strict〔stringent〕Imposing rigorous standards of performance; severe:严格的：对行为要求标准严格的；严厉的：〔easy〕Not wanting to be called an easy marker, the teacher graded the essays severely.不想被人看成是一个判分很松的人，于是老师便严格地给文章打分。〔honesty〕Honor implies principled uprightness of character and a worthy adherence to a strict moral or ethical code: Honor 表示性格上原则性的正直及对严格的道德和伦理准则的可敬坚持： 〔proper〕Strictly following rules or conventions, especially in social behavior; seemly:合乎礼教的：严格遵循规则或传统的，尤指在社交行为方面；体面的： |
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